The invention relates to a viaduct ladder-type escape guardrail based on single-chip microcomputer control. The viaduct ladder-type escape guardrail is characterized in that the viaduct ladder-type escape guardrail comprises a guardrail device, a stand column device and a single-chip microcomputer control device, the stand column device comprises a combined stand column and a single stand column, the combined stand column comprises a fixed stand column and a movable stand column, a stand column dragging mechanism is arranged on the combined stand column, and a guardrail lowering mechanism is arranged on the single stand column; the ladder-type guardrail device comprises two parallel guardrail transverse rods and evenly-installed guardrail vertical rods, one end of each guardrail transverse rod is connected with the movable stand column, and the other end of the guardrail transverse rod at the lower end is connected with a sliding rod rotating mechanism in the single stand column; the single-chip microcomputer control device is formed by connecting a single-chip microcomputer, a control panel, a first motor, a second motor, an angular displacement sensor, a coded lock mechanism, the sliding rod rotating mechanism and a power module. The viaduct ladder-type escape guardrail is reasonable in design; a protection function of the guardrail can be changed into an emergency escape ladder function, rescue workers and passengers can climb up to a viaduct and climb down from the viaduct through the guardrail, and the guardrail is convenient and flexible to use and can improve rescue efficiency.