The invention provides a near-surface absorption compensation method for a time-frequency domain controllable seismic source for controllable seismic source data processing during petroleum seismic exploration. The method comprises the following steps: performing seismic wave data decomposition in the time-frequency domain, and performing common-shot-gather frequency domain median filtering on fractional frequency data of each frequency band, so as to generate a shot-gather model trace; adopting a high-order exponential function with e as the base number; getting statistics absorption reduction function of each shot at all frequency bands by utilizing shot-gather model trace data fitting; decomposing scanning signals into different frequency bands in the time-frequency domain; applying a least square algorithm to a vibroseis analog wavelet of containing the near-surface absorption of each shot to obtain a deconvolution factor; applying the deconvolution factor to corresponding shot-gather data; processing all the shot data to realize the near-surface absorption compensation method for the time-frequency domain controllable seismic source. Due to the adoption of the method, processing quality and imaging precision of seismic data of the controllable seismic source can be effectively improved, the provided well location is relatively accurate, and drilling success ratio is obviously improved.