The invention discloses a preparation method of crystalline phase controllable zirconium oxide one-dimensional nano fibers, and relates to a preparation method of a one-dimensional nano ceramic material. The invention aims to solve the problem that preparation of the zirconium oxide one-dimensional nano fibers by an electrostatic spinning method at present is complex in process and residual chlorine ions affect the product. The method comprises the following steps: I, mixing zirconium nitrate with ethanol liquor; II, adding a polymer to prepare spinning liquor; III, preparing precursor fibers; and IV, calcining. The method disclosed by the invention is very simple in synthetic step, and avoids influence on product performance by residual halide ions in the preparation process. The method disclosed by the invention is used for preparing the crystalline phase controllable zirconium oxide one-dimensional nano fibers.