The invention relates to a distributed synchronous sampling and control system and method based on communication. The distributed synchronous sampling and control system based on communication comprises multiple distributed units and a main control unit, wherein the main control unit is a main controller, the distributed units comprise a distributed data acquisition unit, a distributed control execution unit and a data acquisition and control execution unit, FPGAs which are used for completing the communication encoding and decoding, synchronizing signal analysis and timing between the main control unit and the distributed units are set for the main control unit and the distributed units, and the main control unit is further provided with a DSP. According to the distributed synchronous sampling and control system and method based on communication, by means of the high time accuracy of the FPGAs, high-precision synchronous sampling and control of all the distributed units and the main controller are achieved through communication, and timing of the distributed units under the condition that communication is interrupted due to interference or frame loss occurs is achieved by means of the self-learning algorithm of time parameters. The distributed synchronous sampling and control system based on communication is simple, functional partition is distinct, and independent synchronizing signal wiring is not needed; the distributed synchronous sampling and control system based on communication has the advantages of being high in adaptability, high in synchronization precision, high in antijamming capability, high in stability, low in cost and the like.