The invention provides a driving device of an alternating-current transmission rail traction locomotive. The device comprises a speed reducer, a wheel set, two axle boxes and two axle box springs, wherein the wheel set comprises an axle and two wheels with which the axle is sleeved; an output shaft of the speed reducer and the axle are in transmission connection; the axle boxes are arranged at the end parts of the axle and are in transmission connection with the axle; one end of each axle box spring prop against the shaft box, and the other end of each axle box spring is fixed on a steering frame; the axle box springs are V-shaped rubber springs. According to the driving device provided by the invention, the steering frame is connected with the axle boxes of a walking part through the V-shaped rubber springs, and when the route of the locomotive is poor, the V-shaped rubber springs bear acting forces and damping effects in a vertical direction, a transverse direction and a longitudinal direction, so that the vibration of the locomotive is alleviated, the impact among wheel rails is reduced, the comfort and the reliability of locomotive operation can be improved, the maintenance amount is reduced, the abrasion of the wheel rails can be effectively reduced, and the driving comfort of the locomotive is improved.