The invention discloses a one-hydraulic-motor double-loop control system and belongs to the technical field of hydraulic transmission control. The one-hydraulic-motor double-loop control system comprises a hydraulic motor, an active control loop, a passive control loop, a hydraulic pump, an energy accumulator and an oil tank. The hydraulic motor is of a unique flow allocation structure and is provided with four oil inflow and outflow ports, the active control loop and the passive control loop work independently and control the hydraulic motor, the hydraulic motor can be driven by the active control loop and the passive control loop simultaneously or driven by one of the active control loop and the passive control loop independently, the braking kinetic energy and potential energy of loads can be stored in the energy accumulator, and therefore energy can be recycled. According to the one-hydraulic-motor double-loop control system, one hydraulic motor is adopted, so that the driving requirements of different working conditions and different loads are satisfied at the same time and the system has the advantages of being simple in structure, high in system reliability, capable of saving energy and efficient.