A method for measuring earth resistivity distribution from the earth surface to the underground tens of kilometers comprises the steps of 1, measuring to obtain apparent resistivity through a quadrupole method; then inverting the measurement result to obtain a shallow layer earth resistivity model from the earth surface to the underground 300m; 2, detecting the apparent resistivity distribution condition from the earth surface to the underground tens of kilometers according to the local surface earth resistivity and different detection depths; 3, inverting the shallow layer earth resistivity model from the earth surface to the underground 300m in the step 1 through a magnetotelluric method to obtain an apparent resistivity-high frequency curve; 4, substituting the apparent resistivity-high frequency curve inverted in the step 3 for a high frequency part of an apparent resistivity-frequency curve measured through the magnetotelluric method to obtain an accurate apparent resistivity Rho s'-frequency f curve; 5, inverting the accurate apparent resistivity Rho s'-frequency f curve to obtain an earth resistivity model from the earth surface to the underground tens of kilometers. The method can be used for accurately and effectively mastering earth surface potential distribution caused by earthed direct current.