The invention relates to the field of environment protection, and in particular relates to a method for recycling alkali and aluminum in a process of treating bayer red mud by a calcification-carbonization method. The method comprises the steps of mixing the bayer red mud with calcium aluminate or lime and the calcium aluminate to obtain a mixture, performing calcification dealkalization transformation on the mixture in high-concentration alkali liquid with the caustic alkali concentration being 100-300g/L, totally converting silicon-containing phases in the red mud into calcified slag generated in a dealkalization process in the form of hydrate garnet, carbonizing the calcified slag to obtain carbonized slag, then o carrying out low-temperature aluminum smelting and aluminum precipitation to obtain a calcium aluminate product, and recycling the calcium aluminate product in the red mud calcification dealkalization transformation process. Part of alkali and aluminum-containing liquid phases subjected to calcification dealkalization transformation can be reused as supplement alkali in a bayer production process. The method disclosed by the invention can realize recycling of alkali and aluminum in the red mud and harmless treatment of the bayer red mud, and is an energy-saving and environment-friendly red mud utilization method.