The invention provides a method for configuring optical loads of a deep space probe. The method includes the following particular steps that a probe unit is established; a star surface environment unit is established; a dynamic illumination unit is established; an optical load visualized unit is established; in an optical load imaging model, the probe unit, the star surface environment unit and the dynamic illumination unit are loaded, the position posture of the probe, star surface environment parameters, illumination parameters and optical load imaging attributes are interactively and dynamically set and adjusted, optical load imaging effect images or videos under different working conditions are acquired, the optical load field shielding condition and the probe star surface shadow state are tracked, the optimal optical load imaging attribute is acquired, and then the optical loads are configured according to the optimal optical load imaging attribute. The images or the videos under different working conditions are judged, and then the configured optical loads can meet the requirements under different working conditions.