A high-speed photoelectric data transmission system comprises a broadband radio frequency sampling module, a data processing module and a photoelectric signal conversion module. L-frequency-band simulation radio-frequency signals which are externally input are sampled by the broadband radio frequency sampling module, an 8-bit digital signal is obtained and sent to the data processing module, the input 8-bit digital signal is packaged by the data processing module, a generated data package is sent to the photoelectric signal conversion module for photoelectric conversion, and optical signals are generated and output to a rear-end device through optical fibers. Satellite signals are digitally sampled at the radio frequency end, the number of adverse effects such as group delay and amplitude-frequency characteristics caused by an analogue transmission link of the satellite signals is reduced, channel design of a satellite signal receiving system is simplified, and the signal transmission quality is improved at the same time.