The invention discloses a preparation method of mesoporous silicon-dioxide-coated single-wall carbon nanotubes. The surfactant molecules are fixed to the surfaces of the single-wall carbon nanotubes by a one-step process, and the coating growth of the mesoporous silicon dioxide shell is induced in a non-covalent bond mode, thereby implementing control on the thickness of the mesoporous silicon dioxide shell and eliminating the occurrence of the self-nucleation phenomenon of silicon oxide. The method can be used for modifying different functional groups on the external surfaces of the mesoporous pore wall and shell, so that the composite material can be easily dispersed in various solvents, thereby enhancing the dispersion stability of the single-wall carbon nanotubes; and meanwhile, the mesoporous pores can be used for loading and transmitting different guest molecules, and thus, the method has wide application prospects.