The invention discloses a probe vehicle map matching acceleration method for limiting the traveling speed. The shortest path upper bound of an adjacent tracing point traveling in a road network is estimated according to a road segment traveling speed threshold value and a probe vehicle sampling interval in the urban road network, and the shortest path of all node pairs in the road network is previously calculated through the shortest path upper bound; when the candidate road segment pair matching probability of a front tracing point and a rear tracing point in the map matching process of a probe vehicle is estimated, the analysis of the shortest path can be obtained only by inquiring the preprocessing result, so that the time expenditure of the probe vehicle map matching can be greatly reduced; in addition, the node scale of the road network is controlled through the grid segmentation, and the preprocessing time can be completed within a short time.