The invention relates to a processing method of a butanol and octanol waste alkaline solution. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out an acidification treatment on a waste alkaline solution with an inorganic acid until the pH value of the waste alkaline solution reaches 3 to 4.5; carrying out a pervaporation membrane evaporative concentration treatment on the acidified solution, carrying out an oil/water separation treatment on the evaporative concentrated solution, cooling to carry out crystallization, recycling the inorganic acid sodium salts, returning the crystallized residue to an acidification reactor to carry out a cyclic treatment, carrying out an adsorption treatment on the evaporative condensed liquid, returning the dehydrated part to a condensation reactor to prepare an alkaline solution, introducing the residue to a sewage processing field to carry out a bio-treatment, and finally discharging the sewage until the sewage reaches the discharge standards. The processing method can recycle organic substances in a waste alkaline solution, and turns the waste into valuable resources. At the same time the organic salts that are generated during the acidification process can be recycled as a by-product, and moreover, the processed effluent can be used to replace the fresh desalinated water to prepare fresh alkaline liquid, so the waste alkaline solution can be repeatedly used and production cost can be saved. The processing method has prominent environmental profits and economic profits.