The invention discloses a monitoring system and a monitoring method for acquiring the temperatures of substation control cubicles in real time based on screen cabinet temperature. The monitoring system for acquiring the temperatures of substation control cubicles in real time based on screen cabinet temperature is equipped with a temperature acquisition module and a monitoring system. According to the monitoring method for acquiring the temperatures of substation control cubicles in real time based on screen cabinet temperature, real-time temperatures inside control cubicles are acquired in real time from devices in the control cubicles, data is transmitted to the monitoring system, and the temperatures inside the different control cubicles are compared and judged in real time to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the data. Real-time monitoring of temperature inside a screen cabinet placed on the ground inside a substation can be realized, long-term operation data can be obtained, warning information such as too high temperature of the screen cabinet can be timely found, and measured data can be provided for operating personnel, so that corresponding measures can be taken to ensure safe operation of secondary equipment. In addition, the system and the method of the invention are applicable to monitoring and analysis of real-time temperatures inside control cubicles of intelligent substations and are of great significance to ensuring safe and stable operation of equipment.