The invention discloses a method, a device and a system for controlling traction of an energy-storage-type rail vehicle. The method for controlling the traction of the energy-storage-type rail vehicle comprises the following steps: acquiring a current running speed of the energy-storage-type rail vehicle and the current available energy of a vehicle-mounted energy storage power supply when the energy-storage-type rail vehicle is started; calculating the current position information of the energy-storage-type rail vehicle by using the current running speed and pre-stored line information; then directly inquiring a current running strategy, namely a current running manner needed for enabling that the lowest need of the total energy consumption can be met on the premise of an average travelling speed, corresponding to the current position information in a predetermined corresponding relation table; subsequently controlling the energy-storage-type rail vehicle to run under the traction according to the current running strategy and the current available energy so as to achieve the purposes of ensuring the average travelling speed of the energy-storage-type rail vehicle and simultaneously enabling the total energy consumption of the energy-storage-type rail vehicle to be lowest during running on the promise that the available energy is enough.