The invention provides an RFID-based document accurate positioning method which is a non-ranging method. The method includes the following steps: firstly, finding and using RFID label data which is incompletely read, as a reference in judgment of a label number which may exist; and then using different characteristics of distance reading of an RFID reader when emitting different energies and according to range characteristics of an directional antenna, determining a neighborhood relation of each label and using the neighborhood relation as neighborhood characteristic information to complete judgment of relative position relations of all labels. On the premise of ensuring energy efficiency, only through scanning of an initialization processing and follow-up data update, the RFID-based document accurate positioning method is capable of realizing accurate positioning and has the advantages of accurate positioning, high efficiency and low cost.