The invention relates to a syringe radiation shielding device which comprises a body of a cylindrical structure. A through hole for containing a syringe is formed in the body and penetrates through the body in the length direction of the body. The body is composed of a base extending in the length direction of the body and a transparent window cover extending in the length direction of the body. The window cover is connected to the base in a rotating mode. Through holes are formed in the two opposite faces of the window cover and the base when the window cover and the base are buckled together. A first lock catch is arranged at the buckling position of the window cover and the base. A second lock catch is arranged on one side face of the body. An end plate at the tail end of the syringe is locked when the second lock catch is buckled. By means of the syringe radiation shielding device, radiation rays diffused around the syringe can be effectively shielded; through a transparent observation window, and the suction scale and the injection scale can be observed in real time; the syringe radiation shielding device has the advantages of being flexible, light and handy and convenient to use.