The invention discloses a synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication frequency-selecting method based on ionized layer data. The synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication frequency-selecting method based on the ionized layer data comprises the step one that the maximum usable frequency of a channel is obtained by utilizing the ionized layer data according to short-wave communication link timing, wherein the ionized layer data comprise real-time observational data, historical data and the like; the step two that the range of usable frequency is determined according to the maximum usable frequency and by combining communication efficiency and/or duration of passable frequency; the step three that the range of the usable frequency is sent to a synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication system; the step four that the synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication system obtains the optimum usable frequency by scanning the range of usable frequency in a synchronization self-adaptation frequency-selecting mode, and then communication can be carried out. The synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication frequency-selecting method based on the ionized layer data can overcome the defect in the prior art that the efficiency is low or it is difficult to obtain the optimum usable frequency due to the fact that channel information needs to be set in advance, and can efficiently select the optimum communication frequency. Thus, the synchronization self-adaptation short-wave communication frequency-selecting method based on the ionized layer data has an obvious effect on improvement of comprehension effectiveness of short-wave data communication.