The invention belongs to a metal resources recovery and recycling technology and specifically relates to a self-assembly separation and resource recycling method for multi-metal components in electronic waste. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, separating metal materials and non-metal materials in the electronic waste by adopting a mechanical and physical method; secondly, based on a constituent analysis result on the metal materials by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and the metal materials in the electronic waste, establishing a liquid Fe-Cu-Sn/Pb-based three-phase separation system, wherein the multi-metal components in the electronic waste are selectively separated to different liquid phase regions; and finally, by adopting hydrometallurgy or direct refining, efficiently recycling metals in the separating regions of the system. According to the method provided by the invention, other metals are comprehensively recovered while noble metals in the electronic waste are efficiently recovered. On the one hand, the pressure of shortage of metal resources per capita in China is alleviated, so that the method has an economic benefit. On the other hand, the use level of a chemical toxic reagent is reduced, the energy consumption and discharge are reduced, and the damage on the ecological environment can be remarkably reduced, so that the method has an environmental benefit.