The invention discloses an aluminum-based boron carbide composite material and a neutron absorption plate. The aluminum-based boron carbide composite material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15-35 percent of B4C, 0.5-7 percent of a Ti element and 60-84.5 percent of a Al element, wherein in the composite material, the existence form of the Ti element is as follows: the Ti element coats the surface of B4C particles in a TiB2 compound form. The neutron absorption plate is a plate made from the aluminum-based boron carbide composite material. The test proves that the elongation rate of the aluminum-based boron carbide composite material at normal temperature is 6-16 percent and is superior to that of the conventional composite material, and when the prepared neutron absorption plate is used, collision or thermal stress deformation can be resisted, and the plate is difficult to break, so that the storage safety performance is improved. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and neutron absorption performance can meet the application requirements.