The invention provides a double-end measurement based high-voltage cable partial discharge on-line monitoring system and belongs to the field of power system detection equipment. The partial discharge of a high-voltage cable is detected through the measurement of two end points of the high-voltage cable. The double-end measurement based high-voltage cable partial discharge on-line monitoring system is formed by an improved rogowski coil, an operational amplifier circuit, a first level of programmable control amplifier circuit, a second level of programmable control amplifier circuit, a circuit for converting single-end signals into differential signals, an analog-digital conversion circuit, an analog-digital conversion circuit analog power supply, a positive 5 V digital power supply and a negative 5V digital power supply. According to the double-end measurement based high-voltage cable partial discharge on-line monitoring system, the position of a partial discharge point, namely the position of a discharging source, can be easily detected through the time difference that a partial discharge pulse arrives at two ends of the cable; the measurement is performed at the two ends of the cable simultaneously, the attenuation of signals in the cable is greatly ignored, and accordingly the high accuracy is achieved; the detection can be performed on the long cable and the requirements of the on-line detection are met.