The invention provides a quick self-healing system of a power distribution network. The quick self-healing system comprises data transmission units DTU of all distribution substations arranged in the power distribution network. All the data transmission units DTU are connected together through an optical fiber network. The data transmission units DTU are used for conducting sampling on four associated branch circuits according to a scheduled time interval, synchronizing collected current data, judging a fault point according to the synchronized current data and controlling switch-on and switch-off devices of the distribution substations to remove or isolate the fault point. Since the quick self-healing system does not need to rely on a main station system, the problems existing in information acquisition and channel blockage will not occur; accordingly, the fault point of the power distribution network can be positioned and removed quickly.