The invention discloses a calibration method for a rock damage fracture system. The calibration method comprises the following steps: preparing a standard rock test sample with the diameter of 50mm and the height of 100mm from a complete rock block; respectively performing freezing and thawing cycle on the standard rock test sample for zero time, four times, eight times, 12 times and 16 times to obtain five groups of rock test samples with different fracture damages; drying the standard rock test sample, and performing ultrasonic test to obtain longitudinal wave velocities of the five groups of rock test samples; testing the extreme single-axis compressive strength of the five groups of the rock test samples by a rock testing machine; constructing a relation curve of the longitudinal wave velocities and the extreme single-axis compressive strength; and testing the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock to be tested by using ultrasonic waves, thereby obtaining the extreme single-axis compressive strength of to-be-tested rock according to the position on the relation curve. Quick and accurate detection on the dynamic performance of the rock is realized.