The invention relates to a preparation method of an environment-friendly carbonaceous binding agent for a refractory material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing first-stage distillation on raw material asphalt in a first-stage evaporator to obtain first-stage distillation heavy component residues, wherein in the first-stage evaporator, the first-stage evaporator is a vacuum flash evaporator or a falling film type thin film evaporator; and performing second-stage distillation on the obtained first-stage distillation heavy component residues in a second-stage evaporator to obtain second-stage distillation heavy component residues, namely, the environment-friendly carbonaceous binding agent disclosed by the invention, wherein in the second-stage evaporator, the second-stage evaporator is a falling film type thin film evaporator, a wiped film type thin film evaporator, a falling film type molecular distillation evaporator or a wiped film type molecular distillation evaporator. The content of benzo (a) pyrene in the prepared environment-friendly carbonaceous binding agent is less than 50ppm, and the environment-friendly carbonaceous binding agent disclosed by the invention is high in carbon residue rate and can be widely applied to the refractory materials such as magnesia carbon bricks, sliding plates, water gaps, tamping plugs and iron runner materials.