The application provides a high-speed train wheel set dynamic detection system. A detection signal of the situation of a wheel set tread is acquired through an on-rail detection device which is installed on two opposite steel rail inner sides, the detection signal is transmitted by a rail side transferring device which is connected with the on-rail detection device to an on-site processing device, the detection signal is processed by a PC in the on-site processing device so as to determine a current detection result of a train wheel set, the current detection result is displayed, the running situation of a train can be adjusted by the working personnel in time according to the display content, and the running safety of the train can be guaranteed; the on-rail detection device is arranged on the inner sides of two opposite steel rails, when the on-rail detection device is installed, the steel rail does not need to be destructively modified; moreover, the shock resistance of relevant parts inside the on-rail detection device is good, and relevant information of the train can be acquired when the train runs at a high speed; in addition, the entire online detection process of the detection system for the train wheel set is automatically realized, so that the detection efficiency is improved.