The invention provides a method and system for determining temperature distribution of a high-pressure gas well shaft. The method includes the steps that data information related to a high-pressure gas well and a shaft is acquired; the preset step length is acquired; the shaft is divided into multiple shaft sections according to the step length; the temperatures of the upper ends of all the shaft sections are determined according to the data information; shaft temperature field distribution is formed through the temperatures of the upper ends of all the shaft sections. The data information related to the high-pressure gas well and the shaft is acquired, the shaft is divided into the shaft sections according to the set step length, the temperatures of the upper ends of all the shaft sections are determined sequentially, shaft temperature field distribution is acquired, and a data basis is provided for follow-up single-phase flow or gas-liquid two-phase flow extraction of a high-pressure gas producing well, a gas storage well and the like according to the shaft temperature field distribution.