The invention provides a method and a device for processing images of locomotive brake shoes. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining images of locomotive brake shoes, determining light section lines in the images of the locomotive brake shoes, searching dark band areas in the images of the locomotive brake shoes in upper and low first preset distance ranges of the light section lines, searching abrasion surface curves of the brake shoes in left and right first preset distance ranges of the dark band areas, searching support curves of the brake shoes in left and rear second preset distance ranges of the abrasion surface curves of the brake shoes, obtaining image distances between the abrasion surface curves and the support curves of the brake shoes when the dark band areas and the abrasion surface curves of the brake shoes are searched, and determining thickness values of the locomotive brake shoes according to the image distances so as to obtain the thickness values of the locomotive brake shoes by processing the images of the locomotive brake shoes.