The invention provides a device for measuring higher and lower heating values of a solid mineral fuel. The device comprises a crushing device and a heating value detecting part, wherein the crushing device is a holding cavity provided with a cutter inside, the side wall of the crushing device is of a net structure, and the aperture of the net structure is 1-6mm; the heating value detecting part comprises a first heating value detecting part and a second heating value detecting part, and when the openings of the first heating value detecting part and the second heating value detecting part are mutually buckled, an annular sealed heating value detecting chamber is formed. The invention further provides a detection method using the device for measuring higher and lower heating values of the solid mineral fuel. The device provided by the invention is simple in structure, low in cost and convenient to operate, and can be used for quickly measuring the higher and lower heating values of the solid mineral fuel.