The invention relates to a profile controlling and flooding composition for high-temperature oil reservoirs with high salinity and an application of the composition in tertiary oil recovery of the high-temperature oil reservoirs with high salinity, and mainly aims at solving the problems of poor heat resistance and salt tolerance and low oil displacement efficiency of an oil displacement agent under the conditions of high temperature and high salinity in the prior art. The problems are well solved by virtue of the following technical scheme: the profile controlling and flooding composition for high-temperature oil reservoirs with high salinity is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: (1) 0.01-3.0% of heat-resistant and salt-tolerant polyacrylamide microspheres, (2) 0.01-5.0% of anionic-nonionic surfactant and (3) 92.0-99.98% of injected water; and the profile controlling and flooding composition can be applied to field applications for increasing the recovery rate such as depth profile controlling, water plugging and oil displacement for tertiary oil recovery of the high-temperature oil reservoirs with high salinity.