The invention discloses a coal mining two-dimensional physical simulation experimental device using a solid filling method and an experimental method, relating to the technical field of test or analysis of materials by measuring the chemical or physical properties of the materials. The experimental device comprises a two-dimensional physical simulation experimental table and multiple solid filling similar material molds, wherein rock physical models are stacked on the two-dimensional physical simulation experimental table; a simulation bracket is arranged in a coal mining layer of the rock physical models; the solid filling similar material molds are arranged in a goaf of the coal mining layer; pressure sensors are arranged on the simulation bracket and the solid filling similar material molds; and displacement monitoring points are formed in the rock physical models on the upper and lower sides of the goaf. The method is easy to operate and convenient to measure, and the compaction degree of the solid filling similar materials can be accurately set in advance.