The invention discloses a method for estimating an equivalent quality factor and a method for estimating a stratum quality factor by using the method for estimating the equivalent quality factor. A binary algorithm-based center-of-mass frequency shift quality factor value Q estimating method is provided on the basis of an attenuation formula of a quality factor value Q and the definition of a center-of-mass frequency and on the basis of determining the changing monotonicity of the center-of-mass frequency along with the quality factor value Q. According to the method for estimating the equivalent quality factor and the method for estimating the stratum quality factor according to the method for estimating the equivalent quality factor, the assumption that the seismic source frequency spectrum in the calculation of the quality factor value Q is a Gaussian spectrum in the conventional center-of-mass frequency shift method can be eliminated; the application range of the center-of-mass frequency shift method is expanded; the calculation precision of the quality factor value Q is improved.