The invention discloses a coal and gangue dust-free breaking and sorting device. The coal and gangue dust-free breaking and sorting device comprises a sorting chamber. A material inlet is formed in the top of the sorting chamber, a coal briquette outlet and a gangue outlet are formed in the bottom of the sorting chamber, and a coal and gangue arrangement device is arranged at the material inlet and comprises a vibrating screen and an arrangement plate. A crack impacting device, an impacting breaking device and a screening device are arranged in the sorting chamber. The crack impacting device comprises a belt conveyer, a breaking plate and crack impacting rods. The impacting breaking device comprises a high-speed belt conveyer and an impacting plate. The screening device comprises a variable linear vibrating screen, a coal outlet plate and a gangue outlet plate. A dust removal device comprises an exhaust fan, a dust discharging pipe, draught fans, a filtering plate and a dust accumulation chamber. By means of the coal and gangue dust-free breaking and sorting device, coal and gangue dust-free sorting operation can be carried out underground, only sorted coil is conveyed through mine hoisting, gangue is not hoisted out of a mine and directly used for filling a goaf, the mine production efficiency can be remarkably improved, roadway and underground dust pollution can be reduced, and the coal and gangue dust-free breaking and sorting device is of great practical significance in improving the underground working conditions of workers.