The invention relates to the technical field of precision detection for aerospace inertial components, in particular to a high-precision shape and position measurement device and method for a hexahedron. The device comprises an inductance micrometer, a marble locating slab, an inductance measuring head, a first measuring head fixing block, a second measuring head fixing block, a standard parallel knife straight edge or standard bar, a measuring head connecting wire, a first bracket and a second bracket. The method is short in detection time and high in detection efficiency. The shape and position relation detection for one group of planes is finished in 2 minutes, an imported high-precision three-coordinate tester needs more than 20 minutes, and the detection efficiency is improved by more than 10 times.