The invention relates to a method for positioning and debugging a pipeline security and protection system based on an optical fiber sensor. The method comprises the step 1 of positioning an optical cable well, the step 2 of positioning an optical cable pile, the step 3 of positioning a pipeline, the step 4 of collecting soil vibration data and dividing the environmental region along the optical cable according to the detected vibration data. According to the method, the environmental region along the tested optical cable can be divided, the conditions of the external field environment and the influence of the geologic characteristics on the system detected signals can be got visually, and the individual parameter configuration efficiency and progress can be effectively improved, and therefore, various intrusion behaviors occurring at later period can be analyzed for different environmental regions conveniently. On the basis, the system is capable of accurately positioning the intrusion behaviors at the later period and the manager can handle the intrusion behaviors conveniently; as a result, the losses can be reduced to a large extent and the management can be performed conveniently.