The invention relates to the technical field of treatment methods for oilfield produced water, in particular to a treatment method for quickly clarifying oilfield produced water through micro-sand circulation. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, separating floating oil from the oilfield produced water in a de-oiling device to obtain mixed liquor; secondly, pumping the mixed liquor in the de-oiling device into a coagulating basin through a lifting pump, adding a coagulant into the coagulating basin, and stirring uniformly to obtain first suspension, wherein the concentration of the coagulant in the first suspension is 30-50 mg/L and the first suspension enters a sand-adding tank. Compared with an existing treatment process for the oilfield produced water, the treatment method for quickly clarifying the oilfield produced water through the micro-sand circulation has the characteristics that the treatment capacity of the oilfield produced water is high, the treatment efficiency is high, the quality of purified water is good, the dosages of the coagulant and a coagulant aid are reduced, the discharge amount of water oil sludge is reduced, and the soil pollution is alleviated; meanwhile, micro-sand is high in separation efficiency and can be recycled, so that the production cost is reduced.