The invention relates to a measuring technology of deformation quantity of a container and aims to provide a system and method for quickly measuring the axial deformation quantity of a strain strengthening container. The system comprises two tooling plates mounted on the same side of the container, wherein the two tooling plates are perpendicular to the axial direction of the container to be measured, are parallel to each other and equal in height; two pull rope displacement sensors are mounted on the first tooling plate in parallel; two steel wire ropes are parallel to the axial direction of the container to be measured and equal in height and are respectively mounted between the two pull rope displacement sensors and the second tooling plate. According to the system and the method, the fast, automatic and precise measurement of the axial deformation quantity of the strain strengthening container is realized, the production efficiency is improved, and the system has the characteristics of high precision and high efficiency; the potential safety hazards caused by needing to be close to the container during manual reading are avoided; the measuring system adopts a mechanism structure, can be repeatedly used and reduces the resources; the mounting and the operation are simple and convenient, the use cost is low, the carrying is convenient, and both manpower and material resources are reduced; the measurement of different test objects can be realized through changing the lengths of the steel wire ropes or replacing corresponding parts.