The invention discloses a method and a system for controlling a road simulation test of a driving axle. The method comprises the following steps: S1, according to a road condition vehicle speed curve, acquiring a target vehicle speed V at the current moment and according to the target vehicle speed V, calculating wheel end target rotating speeds n1 and n2; S2, controlling wheel end rotating speeds to be n1' and n2' by a wheel end motor; S3, calculating according to actually measured wheel end rotating speeds n1' and n2' which are measured by a wheel end rotating speed sensor to obtain an actual vehicle speed V', calculating a vehicle acceleration a at the current moment according to the actual vehicle speed V', and calculating a wheel end target torque T according to a wheel end torque formula; S4, controlling wheel end torques to be T1'and T2'by a main cone end motor; S5, judging whether the sum of actually measured wheel end torques T1'and T2' which are measured by a wheel end torque sensor reaches T or not, returning to the step S1 and acquiring a target vehicle speed at the next moment according to the road condition vehicle speed curve if the target torque T is equal to the sum of the actually measured wheel end torques T1'and T2', or returning to the step S4. The method and the system can accurately simulate the working condition on a road after the driving axle is mounted on a vehicle, and is rapid to control, high in control accuracy and good in repeatability.