A river model test multi-channel wireless transmission and receiving communication system comprises an upper computer and a plurality of lower computers. The upper computer is formed by a main control computer, a communication controller and bit stream adapter and a wireless communication module. The main control computer is used for user interaction, code stream calculation, channel setting and channel management. The communication controller and code stream adapter is used for controlling the connection of the wireless communication module. The wireless communication module is used for transmitting and receiving data. The main control computer is connected with the communication controller and code stream adapter which is connected with the wireless communication module. Five wireless channel modules are arranged in the wireless communication modules to be used for representing five types of channels used in a river model wireless communication system, and each wireless channel module manages the data transmission and receiving of a corresponding wireless channel. By means of the system, appropriate wireless channels can be selected automatically to transmit data, the transmission is rapid, and the efficiency is high.