The invention relates to a construction and running method of a plant microbial fluidized bed enhanced fish-vegetable symbiotic system. The construction and running method comprises the following steps: excavating a fish pond, constructing a plant microbial fluidized bed and arranging a water delivery system and aeration systems. The fish pond is excavated in natural earth or is constructed through concrete pouring, the bottom of the fish pond is a slope surface, the plant microbial fluidized bed consists of a fluidized bed and a water culture bed, the fluidized bed part is positioned at the lower part of the plant microbial fluidized bed and is filled with fluidized filler for purifying fish farming wastewater; the water culture bed is positioned at the upper part of the plant microbial fluidized bed, matrix and a floating bed are used for fixing plant so as to culturing hydroponic plant; the two parts are separated through a slit type bearing layer; the water delivery system consists of a water pump and a water delivery pipeline and is used for communicating the fish pond and the plant microbial fluidized bed together; and an aeration system is arranged in each of the fish pond and the plant microbial fluidized bed. The constructed fish-vegetable symbiotic system can effectively purify the fish farming wastewater, and by culturing the plant with fish farming waste water, the yield increase and income increase can be realized on the basis of zero emission.