The invention discloses a pesticide residue detection method, including the following steps: (a) a to-be-measured sample is irradiated by excitation light, and Raman light from the to-be-measured sample is collected; (b) the collected Raman light obtain a Raman spectra curve of the to-be-measured sample; and (c) the pesticide residue composition and concentration of the to-be-measured sample can be determined by comparison of the Raman spectra curve with reference Raman spectrum library of known pesticides. The pesticide residue detection method can achieve efficient, simple and accurate inspection of pesticide residues in food, and is especially suitable for on-site rapid detection.