The invention provides a high-quantum-efficiency detector operation circuit for aiming at an X-ray spectral band. The high-quantum-efficiency detector operation circuit is controlled through an offset voltage of a voltage adjusting circuit to a detector, so that the detector operates in an avalanche amplification state. The amplification factor of the detector can be enlarged and the sensitivity can be improved, thereby realizing detector for a weak X ray. The high-quantum-efficiency detector operation circuit performs energy amplification on electrons which are output from the detector through a field effect transistor and a charge sensitive preamplifier, and has advantages of small coupling capacitor, high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio. According to the high-quantum-efficiency detector operation circuit, the output end of the detector is further connected with a current limiting resistor, thereby realizing switching the detector between an avalanche state and a vanishing state, and finishing pulse response to a single electron. Furthermore the resistor limits the maximal current in operation of the detector, thereby realizing protection to the detector. Additionally the high-quantum-efficiency detector operation circuit is provided with a decoupling capacitor, and can perform the functions of reducing noise of a current input end and improving the signal-to-noise ratio of a detecting system.