The invention discloses a system and a method for monitoring sensitive elements of an overcurrent overload protection device. When the sensitive element is monitored, the method comprises: a background host processing test case information which is configured by a man-machine interaction module and sending the test case information to a front-end processor, the front-end processor parsing the test case information to a control command; a main control panel configuring a corresponding channel in a switching value output panel; a relay protection tester configuring voltage output by the tester according to the received control command, and outputting the voltage to an adapter device; the adapter device performing conditioning on the received signal, and sending the signal to the overcurrent overload protection device, and performing conditioning on the response signals output by the sensitive elements; the main control panel acquiring the response signals output by the adapter device through an analog quantity input panel and a switching value input panel, and uploading the signals to the background host through the front-end processor, the background host processing the response signals, and outputting the signals through the man-machine interaction module.