The present invention discloses an eddy current microscopic construction imaging method of a carbon fiber composite material. An emission-reception type eddy current probe is employed to obtain structural information of a carbon fiber composite material by a C-scan mode; and the subsequent signal processing is used; finally combined with two-dimensional Fourier transform method, the structure and the defect information of the carbon fiber composite material are shown by images. The method includes steps of: determining the eddy current probe C-scan path, acquiring real and imaginary parts of the eddy current signals at different locations of the carbon fiber composite material structure, carrying out de-noising analysis, extracting characteristic parameters of the detection signal waveform amplitude and the damaged area, and determining the position. The method of the present invention is capable of accurately and efficiently achieve determination of structure and defect of the carbon fiber composite material, and has the advantages of high imaging speed, clear and reliable image and intuitive understandable results. The invention provides a reliable imaging solution for mastering composite inside microstructure information, small defect information, and assignment information of components including fibers and resins.