The invention discloses a reaction injection synthetic preparation method of a Ti2AlC composite ceramic material. The preparation method comprises the following process steps: (1) wet grinding titanium powder and aluminum powder in an organic solvent medium, charging a cane sugar solution to form a mixed material, uniformly stirring, then baking and heating, carbonizing cane sugar, and then crushing and screening the carbonized mixed material; (2) carrying out the self-reaction injection formation for the prepared Ti-Al-C mixed powder by adopting a flame spray gun as an injection device, oxygen-acetylene flame as an injection heat source, argon as atomization gas and a graphite mold as a receiver, and in-situ synthesizing the Ti2AlC composite ceramic material. By utilizing the high-adsorption effect of amorphous carbon formed by virtue of the carbonization of the cane sugar, the Ti-Al-C mixed powder with high reaction activity is prepared, the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction of a system is ignited by virtue of the oxygen-acetylene flame heat source in the injection process, the Ti2AlC composite ceramic material is in-situ synthesized, and the composite ceramic material with high performance can be obtained by virtue of the SHS reaction by utilizing the low-cost raw material and the simple injection device.