The invention discloses a multi-component while-drilling location electromagnetic wave resistivity imaging instrument, comprising a transmitting coil system, a reception coil system, a circuit system, and a triaxial orienting device installed on a drill collar. The transmitting coil system, the reception coil system, and the triaxial orienting device are connected with the circuit system. In the transmitting coil system and the reception coil system, a non-zero included angle is between the equivalent magnetic dipole direction of at least a transmitting coil and the equivalent magnetic dipole direction of a reception coil. The multi-component while-drilling location electromagnetic wave resistivity imaging instrument can accurately determine characteristics of stratum location, inclinations, electrical resistivity, and anisotropism, distances between a borehole of a large inclination well/ a horizontal well and a surrounding rock boundary, and geometric position relations of the surrounding rock boundary and the borehole. The instrument better satisfies requirements of accurate geosteering and stratum evaluation.