A copper and aluminum winding transformer discrimination method based on the capacity-volume ratio comprises steps of performing a no-load test and a short circuit test on a to-be-detected transformer, so as to obtain the actual no-load loss and the actual load loss; determining whether or not loss parameters of the to-be-detected transformer meet national standard requirements, and if not, determining the to-be-detected transformer as an unqualified product; when the loss parameters of the to-be-detected transformer meet national standard requirements, measuring the size of the transformer, and comparing the size of the transformer with a size reference value of the transformer; and when the measured size is larger than the maximum allowed deviation, determining the transformer as an aluminum winding transformer, otherwise, determining the transformer as a copper winding transformer. The invention can simply and rapidly perform copper and aluminum winding transformer discrimination without damaging winding insulation.