The invention discloses a three-dimensional depth perception method and a three-dimensional depth perception device based on an adjustable working range. The three-dimensional depth perception method comprises the following steps: setting a working range mode in an external setting or self-adaptive adjusting manner, projecting a coded pattern in a corresponding working range by adjusting the driving current of a driving circuit of a laser pattern projector, adjusting the focal length and the parallax range of a receiving camera, collecting a projected coded image sequence and feeding into a depth perception module, adjusting pre-processing image control parameters by the depth perception module according to the working range mode, performing block matching parallax calculation and depth calculation of the input coded image sequence by selecting a set of reference coded images conforming to the working range mode, and outputting a depth image sequence. On the basis of the method, the three-dimensional depth perception device based on the adjustable working range is realized; the device is beneficial to optimizing and realizing the depth perception calculation method in real time; therefore, the depth perception calculation method is applicable to different working ranges; and the application limitation of the existing three-dimensional depth perception device is broken through.