The invention relates to an anaerobic particle sludge rapid culture method suitable for oil refining and chemical engineering wastewater treatment. The method comprises the following steps: 1, domesticating: taking facultative sludge of a sewage treatment field biochemical technology as inoculation sludge, adopting a sodium acetate solution as an organic matrix in the initial culture stage, adding oil refining and chemical engineering wastewater to the organic matrix with the implementation of culture, and increasing the blending proportion of the oil refining and chemical engineering wastewater until the oil refining and chemical engineering wastewater is used as the complete organic matrix for culture; and 2, granulating: adding an polymer and turfy soil to domesticated anaerobic sludge in batches to promote granulation of the anaerobic sludge. The cultured anaerobic particle sludge obtained through the method has high concentration of microbes, large concentration and particle size, high organic volume load and hydraulic load, strong water quality and environment condition impact resistance and high organic pollutant degradation efficiency, and is especially suitable for anaerobic biochemical treatment of high concentration wastewater in the fields of petroleum and chemical engineering.