The invention discloses a powder feeding laser material additive manufacturing system and method for an aluminum material. The method comprises the steps that 1, a three-dimensional model for a part is established; 2, a scan path is generated; 3, vacuum extraction is conducted on an airtight machining cavity; 4, a protective gas is injected into the airtight machining cavity; 5, powder raw materials are sent into the airtight machining cavity; 6, laser with the wave length being 700-900 nm is started to melt the powder raw materials; 7, whether the part forming is completed or not is judged, if not, the step 8 is executed, and if yes, the step 9 is executed; 8, the height of a material deposition component of the airtight machining cavity is adjusted, and the step 5 is conducted; 9, powder on the surface of the part is cleaned; and 10, the formed part is taken out. The powder feeding laser material additive manufacturing system is provided with a control system, a laser emission system and a forming system. The system is simple in whole structure, reasonable in layout, and capable of achieving the laser material additive manufacturing of the aluminum material powder rapidly and efficiently.