The invention belongs to the field of organic synthesis, and specifically discloses an eleostearic acid ester alkylated compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl, and a preparation method and the application of the eleostearic acid ester alkylated compound. The eleostearic acid ester alkylated compound containing the phenolic hydroxyl is of a structure showed in a formula (1) and a formula (2) which are as shown in the description; in the formula (1) and the formula (2), R1 and R3 are straight-chain or branched-chain alkyls ranging from C1 to C4, and R2 and R4 are one or several of H, Cl, CH3, -OH, -OCH and -C(CH3)3. According to the eleostearic acid ester alkylated compound containing the phenolic hydroxyl, disclosed by the invention, the region selectivity and the alkylation degree of an eleostearic acid ester alkylation reaction can be regulated and controlled through acidic ionic liquid and the like, so that a target product can be obtained, and the prepared eleostearic acid ester alkylated compound containing the phenolic hydroxyl can be applied to the aspects of water-based UV (Ultraviolet) curing coating, water-based UV curing printing ink, water-based UV curing adhesive and the like.